The article discusses the phenomena of ecumenism, anti‑ecumenism and conservative ecumenism. The author sets a dual goal. The first is to identify the theological foundations of ecumenism and anti‑ecu‑ menism, and also to analyze conservative ecumenism in this research perspective. The second is to identify the political component of these phenomena. The author analyzes and criticizes the concept of “ecumenical consciousness” proposed by Andrey Shishkov. He gives his own definition of ecumenism, which includes the hope for the res‑ toration of Christian unity as a fundamental component. From the point of view of the author, conservative ecumenism can be called ecumenism only if it contains an element associated with the seeking for unity.