In this article we consider the origin and substantial characteristics of the concept of «new theology», which emerged in the Russian theological tradition since the end of the 19th century. Initially this term was related to the lay theologians — particularly to Aleksey Khomiakov — but afterwards it became related to the academic scholars as well, such as metropolitan Anthony Khrapovitsky, V.I. Nesmelov, etc. The research shows that in the first decades of the 20th century these authors’ works were perceived in different ways: from very enthusiastic support (prelate Ilarion Troitsky) to strong critique and opposition (prelate Viktor Ostrovidov). Later the archpriest George Florovsky tried to define this trend in the Russian theology as coming not from the Revelation but from the human experience. The article shows the academic new theology’s important continuity with the ideas and methodology of the lay theologians, and their «confessionalization».