The article examines the development of a particular “theology of power” in Russia in the 14-16th centuries, which became a foundation of the Russian ideology of monarchical rule. It explores a specific relationship between the Russian church and state as expressed in Ivan the Terrible’s theological views. It then discusses several inner conflicts and alternative theological viewpoints on the phenomenon of Tsar’s power in the medieval Russia. It goes further with detailed analysis of how this “theology of power” affected the country’s later socio-cultural history.